A Guide For Simple Woodworking Project Plans

The beginners who intend to involve themselves in the creative art of easy woodw orking projects often find it difficult to decide where and how to start their easy wood working projects. While some go ahead and seek the guidance of people who have been working on such projects for a long time, the others try picking up books which can guide them in their easy woodworking projects. Instead of running around here and there in search of these projects, the best thing to do is to search for the relevant information about easy woodworking projects online. A simple Google search can give you all the relevant information you will need with regard to the simple woodworking projects.

All you need to do is to be specific with the level of complexity and the age group of the person you are searching the project for. There are different levels of easy wood working projects which are available, based on the skill of the person. If you are a beginner then it is advisable for you to look for your easy wood working projects under the beginners' segment. Due to excitement there are certain people who like to check out more advanced projects from the very beginning. While it is good to be enthusiastic, over-enthusiasm can lead to failure in this case. It is better to start with a simple project, accomplish it and then move on to the more complex projects.

One of the basic principles which should be followed in simple woodworking projects is that you should make sure you have a complete list of all the tools and equipments which are needed for the completion of the project. After getting the details of the requirements make sure you have all the items purchased before you begin you project. This will help you save on time and also smoothly accomplish your project without any delays due to lack of equipment.

One of the common notions that people have is that the simple wood working projects are meant for beginners. This is true to an extent however if you choose to work on more complex project you just need to search under the segment which is higher in its level of complexity. If you already have a good amount of experience in easy woodworking projects, then you would surely need something more challenging in terms of your easy woodworking projects.

Completing simple wood working projects requires two things; one is patience and the other s planning. If you are methodical in taking out a print of the execution plan and following it righteously you will surely be able to accomplish the simple woodworking projects. However if you happen to be a beginner you will need to be patient in the execution of the tasks. Once you accomplish a few projects you will know exactly how much time and material will be needed for different kinds of projects however in the beginning make sure you execute the tasks as per the plan.

Basic Pattern Making In The Hobby Foundry

Success or otherwise in your hobby foundry will depend to a large degree on your skills & ability to create simple patterns, i.e.

Patterns that are easy to mould, lift or separate from the sand

mould after a gentle rap.

A pattern that has incorrect draft on vertical surfaces, badly finished corner fillets, or a pattern that has not been finished to an ultra smooth finish will be difficult to work with.

Pattern making is an art in itself, pattern making

apprenticeships take around three or four years to complete, before you are given your "Trade Ticket".

The average hobby foundry worker most likely won't have the time, or the patience to get involved with the art of pattern making to that extent.

But the basic skills are worth the effort to learn, because

without them you wont get far with your hobby foundrywork, unless you PAY to have all of your patterns made for you, but that would take all of the fun out of it, and also cost you a sizeable amount of money.

Construction costs of professional pattern making can vary from a few hundred dollars for simple patterns, up to several thousand dollars for complicated pattern designs.

I happen to a know a pattern maker who designs and builds patterns & core boxes to make alloy & cast iron cylinder heads, it is not unusual for pattern & core costs to be around $20,000.00 AU before you even think about melting & pouring any metal.

If you are a legacy of the old tech school system of the sixties

& seventies, there is a good chance that you still remember how to skilfully use woodwork hand tools.

Some of the finest foundry patterns were made using basic hand tools. More than likely you still have a chisel set tucked away in a drawer, or a spoke shave, wood plane & handsaw, plus

a host of other tools that could be used to make excellent patterns in the home hobby shop.

And if they happen to be a bit rusty, then get them out again and bring them back to life, re-grind the cutting edges and hone

them with an oil stone.

Remember what your trade teacher always told you; "sharp tools

give the best results."

Do the same with the wood plane and any other tools, such as a small set of carving chisels you could use to carve intricate shapes in wood.

You'll need some good pattern timber or lumber as it's called in the states... doesn't matter, it's all wood isn't it. There are many types of timber suitable for pattern making, but, you'll probably be limited to what's available in your area or region.

Quality pattern timber is expensive to buy, so ask for off cuts at the local timber merchant, which you may get for a considerable discount

You'll be looking for a soft timber that doesn't splinter, has a straight grain, is easy to work or carve, and finishes to an ultra smooth finish.

One of the easiest timbers to use is jelutong, this timber comes from the Philippines, I don't know whether it is from plantation timber, or old growth forests, but it is great to turn on a lathe, or shape and carve with sharp hand tools.

Some of the other pattern timbers in use are cherry wood, mahogany, maple, white pine, and many others.

Quite often a master pattern can be made from timber, and then a replica mould is made using RTV 585 silicone, this is a quick method to remake replica production patterns.The replica patterns can then be mounted onto a match plate along with the runners & gates, this method will enable you to mould & cast multiple parts at the same time.

With a little practise you will soon know enough to make reasonable quality patterns that create good sand moulds.

There is one important pattern making tool that will make you wince when you purchase, but it is an important tool to have if you want to make accurate patterns where shrinkage rates are concerned.

The tool is the "Pattern Makers Rule", this is a ruler about 500mm (20")long. Made by Rabone Of England. No B5. And the graduations are marked as: 1/30-1/40-1/60-1/80,

The graduations represent the amount of shrinkage allowance for different types of metals. The pattern makers ruler provides a built in shrinkage percentage, which means you don't have to calculate the final measurement or size of your pattern, you simply take your measurement from your shrink rule, and transfer the measurement to the pattern being made.

The system is quite clever in the way it's all been calculated.

For a quick example, the 1/30 scale measurement seems to give

the correct result with patterns used for cast aluminium items.

Machining allowance on specific parts of a given pattern may also need to be considered, generally your own judgement can be used to judge that.

Pattern making can be quite a challenge for the hobby foundry worker, but once you learn the basics and develop your skills, with a little practice your patterns will get better and so will the overall casting quality.

If you intend on making lots of patterns, the investment in a shrink rule is well worth the money.

And while you're at it buy a good book on pattern making, it deserves a study all on it's own, but it forms an integral part of foundry work, and because you're the boss of your own workshop, you have to learn to wear the hat of the pattern maker & that of the sand moulder & founder.

Sounds like a whole lot of work doesn't it, but you'll soon learn what will work best for you. Spend the time to learn all you can, and you'll be rewarded with encouraging results.

Lathe Chuck

The lathe chuck has been an important tool more or less as the antique Egyptians used a simple man-powered lathe to cut designs and forms into wood. Working with the ancient lathes requires two-man task. One person has been engaged in cutting tools to carve or shape the revolving piece of wood. The second person twisted the wood by using a bow and piece of cord or rope to work. Lathe chuck parts have become very dedicated to a variety of wood spinning and also metal functioning tasks and stock. At present, lathes are computer proscribed exactitude machines with limited similarity to most of its early forerunner.

The wood revolving lathe is the spirit of most DIY and profitable woodworking workshops. Lathe machines are accessible in a multiplicity of sizes, from small pen lathes that have a greatest capability of 2" stock to much better lathes than can spin stock as large as 10" or 12". The massive lathes are used to turn items such as bowls and vases. Wood lathe hurls are obtainable throughout a number of woodworking tool outlets, as well as a great number of online distributors. They offer discounted pricing and speed delivery service for wood lathe chucks. Lathe has been utilized as a woodworking tool almost as long as the knife and the sledge hammer. People have an attraction with wood and the products than can be fashioned with a lathe.

Machining centers get the splendor in most shops. They make the complicated cuts whereas CNC lathes frequently do little more than OD clean-up and facing. It makes the lathe more proficient than the machining core for many difficult jobs. Automotive contractor Hillsdale Tool demonstrates an illustration. Its plant is now using a CNC lathe to machine an element that once obligatory a machining center and a chopper. Generally the manufacturing time are saved to about 30 percent.

The part is lodging for a transaxle oil force gathering. Its most important characteristic is an amalgamation of non-concentric ring-shaped surfaces making up the hollow space of the part. If these surfaces were concentric, they would create a spherical ring between them.Lathe chuck is considered for perpendicular whirling centers in which contaminants hamper procedure dependability. The lathe chuck proffers high securing forces and long jaw stoke up, in a small-summary chuck body. Clamping forces ranges from 95 kN to 330 kN, with jaw strokes ranging from 9 mm to 15 mm per jaw.

Sizes ranging from 165 mm to 500 mm are available.It is highly necessary to protect eye and ear when working in a wood working shop. For the requirement of the parts of wood lathe such as a wood lathe chuck, it is best to contact the manufacturer for the specific brand of wood lathe and find out where the parts are available. Especially while replacing the wood lathe chuck it is needed to ensure the part fits perfectly.

Wood Working Tools - Mitre Saw

What Does A Mitre Saw Do?

A mitre saw allows you to make angled cross cuts.

Let us take a simple example of a picture frame. You have a long piece of wood that you want to cut into four pieces to make up the frame. But instead of simply joining the pieces together so they are aligned at 90 degrees to each other, you prefer to make a mitre joint.

What is a mitre joint? It is when you bevel the two pieces to be attached together so that they meet at an angle. In the case of our picture frame, 45 degrees is an appropriate angle. Think of a picture frame you have seen recently and you should notice that most of them are made in this way.

Why Make A Mitre Joint?

In general, a mitre joint is considered an attractive joint, especially for frames (picture or otherwise). When the depth of the joint becomes greater then stronger options such as dovetails may be considered.

Sometimes a pipe is joined using a mitre saw to create the joint. In some such situations there may even be no other viable alternative.

Manual Mitre Saw

This features a metal base onto which a backsaw is positioned and is able to freely rotate. A backsaw is used because this allows for greater precision in cutting.

The base contains vice clamps onto which you can secure your piece of wood. Guiding rods then allow you to fix the angle at which you want to saw. This is a very similar concept to the original "mitre box".

Mitre Box

The mitre box precedes the manual mitre saw but the principle is much the same.

It is nothing more than an open ended and open top box with slots cut in it. It is usually made of wood or plastic.

The idea is that you position your piece of wood inside the box and then place your saw through the guides and begin to cut. The guides are usually set at 45 and 90 degrees. Some models feature 60 degrees, 30 degrees and other less common angles.

It is good practice to clamp your work to a bench but if you are cutting small pieces then you can often go without.

Powered Mitre Saw

The above devices are generally only good for making picture frames and similar constructions.

For larger applications you may find it more effective to use a power tool. Also, the price of such tools has dropped considerably in the last few years.

A powered mitre saw usually features an aluminium base above which is mounted a circular saw. The saw can be rotated around the base and locked into position at whatever angle you choose.

A variety of different models are available on the market. The most basic is a sliding saw. The saw is able to slide along a rail and this means that it can cut to larger than its own diameter. Another popular version is a compound saw. This allows you to not only angle your cut but also to tilt the blade at the same time.

Rise & Fall of The Olive Wood Industry in Palestine at the End of 20th Century

Introduction

Palestine, the Holy Land, is visited by people of different faith - Jews, Christians and Muslims. Bethlehem is been a pilgrim center for Christians. Bethlehem and olive wood handmade sculptures are meant to save humanity. The Olive branch signifies love, good health and peace. The Bible mentions the olive branch in Noah's Ark.

Olive Wood Articles

Olive wood is ideal for carving works and lends itself easy to work accurately with simple hand tools. It is available in natural colors. Its tonal depth due to annular structure renders complex artistic carvings possible. Religious articles, crosses, picture frames, cute boxes, paper knives, ink stands and crucifixes are some of the olive wood handicrafts made by the dexterous fingers of men and women of Bethlehem. Tourists from Europe taught the art of carving olive wood to the native people of Palestine. In turn there was transfer of wisdom to the workmen who eventually setup their own shops for these artistic items.

Mechanization

During the World Wars, Palestine was brought under British regime wherein a small industrial revolution stormed through the quiet cottage industry of olive wood carvings. Electric saws replaced hand saws. General purpose lathes and motorized drills replaced simple manual gadgets. Revolutionary copying machines were deployed to produce multiple designs from the master pattern operated by single workmen within a short time. This resulted in enormous increase in volume of production at a faster rate with high degree of accuracy. New products such as chandeliers, beads were also added to the array of sculptural works. In essence the market was flooded with articles at affordable prices beckoning tourists from all over the world. Owners of business houses made high profits due to reduced cost of mass production. The high volume of production enabled export of artworks to countries all over the world.

Ill Effects of Mass Production

Mechanization had its own adverse effects - high degree of unemployment and lack of job satisfaction amongst artisans. Original hand carved masterpieces became things of the past. Precious creativity of artisans was killed virtually. Workmen were utilized as mere assembly mechanics and machinists.

To cut short the process time, irrigated olive wood was used as raw material which was inferior in quality as it contained moisture. This resulted in cracking and disfiguring of the artworks despite careful handling. This quality dilution resulted in sudden rejection of souvenirs by tourists.

Other Problems

The perennial struggle between the ethnic groups in Palestine resulted in political uncertainty and economic imbalance. Israel imposed strict restrictions in respect of tourist guides and bus operators of West Bank and Gaza Strip. This had a negative effect on tourists visiting East Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Tourists postponed or cancelled their trips fearing trouble. Pilgrims made trips in organized tours wherein they were taken to specific shops only for short duration. In some tour programs shopping facility might not be available.

Small business houses and individual artisans were unable to compete with the big business houses as they were not able to cut production costs owing to small volumes and hence their products were priced out.

On the whole, the overall situation was grim for olive wood industry at the end of the twentieth century.

Woodturning Projects - Why a File Handle is a Good Place to Start

Most of us who turn wood come from a woodworking background in flat work. The wood lathe opens up a new world of woodworking with new tools that have their own learning curve and the preferred way to learn is to turn simple projects. A file handle meets the basic criteria of a woodturning project for learning purposes in being inexpensive, entertaining, and useful as a finished item as well as teaching important skills in basic woodturning.

All that is needed for a file handle is a square of wood and, if desired, a scrap piece of copper pipe for a ferrule. The tools that are used are the roughing gouge to reduce the wood square to round; a parting tool to determine the finished diameters, reduce the ferrule section and part off the handle; and a spindle gouge to leave a finger groove for comfort.

A trip to the woodpile should give a suitable piece of wood for the handle. In fact, since a square of about 1 1/4" will be sufficient, a piece of ash or maple will likely supply three or four appropriate blocks. Just a few minutes at the band saw or other cutting station and the wood should be ready to go.

Mark the centres on each end mount the wood between spur center at the head stock of the wood lathe and the tail stock at the other end. Make sure the wood will clear the tool rest before turning on the lathe. There will be some discussion among wood turners as to what the appropriate speed should be, but basically the speed with which you are comfortable is a good one to use. For things this size 1200 rpm is likely good to start.

The roughing gouge is used to turn the wood to a rough cylinder. In conjunction with a measuring gauge, the parting tool is used to determine the final diameters of the butt end, hand grip, finger grip, and ferrule. Either the roughing gouge or the spindle gouge can be used to cut to the final surface but the spindle gouges will generally give a smoother texture and can be used for all the shaping or for the final cut before sanding.

The finger section gives a comfortable feel to the tool and is coved with the spindle gouge. This is the section that really emphasizes cutting with the grain and is a valuable learning place for new wood turners. Similarly the ferrule section needs precise cutting with the parting tool to precisely fit the pipe section. After a quick sanding and finish on the lathe with a bit of shellac, if desired, it can then be parted off and another one mounted.

One of the delights of a woodturning project like this is giving it away to a woodworking friend. Most commercial file handles are miserable to use and a poor fit to most hands so this is a welcome addition to any woodworker's tool kit. Also, the gratitude is usually more than sufficient to inspire the next one and the one after that. After all, in woodturning as in most other things, practise makes perfect, or at least close.

Advantages of CNC Lathe Machines

CNC lathe devices are being used extensively in most of the industries. With the dawn of industrial era, the lathe machines played a vital role in determining the industrial production. These devices were fine tuned in its design and working style. The modern development in technological sciences has resulted in the birth of CNC devices which are determined to maximize the industrial production in a shorter span of time. These devices offer great level of accuracy in various applications such as milling, drilling, and cutting. With the advent of IT industry, the software applications are integrated with these tools to give a new face to the manufacturing sector. It greatly reduces the probability of humans getting injured in the age old mechanical devices.

There are many numbers of small and medium sized business owners who are operating their businesses with 2 or 3 CNC lathe machines to craft their products. Larger devices are usually used in the production line to manufacture various parts in large number of quantities. Take an example of car production unit which might require different physical quantities in large numbers. Mechanical lathe devices cannot be used as they will take a long time. However, the modern day CNC machines take less time and yield better productivity with no human intervention. The advent of new technologies has paved way for the modern day CNC devices which are capable of converting any imaginary thoughts to real shapes. These tools come in various sizes, and price ranges depending upon the application.

Sharpening Wood Turning Tools - Relax To A Great Edge

One of the great secrets to sharpening woodturning tools lies not in the grinder nor the tool but in the woodturner. It is learning to relax and let the tools do the work.

When one begins to turn wood, there is a lot to learn at the wood lathe, which tools to use for what cuts, how to mount the wood safely, how to make a cut that leaves a good surface and how to sharpen the tools, among others. The most arcane appearing to most newcomers to the craft is sharpening, perhaps because it takes place at the grinder and not the wood lathe itself.

However, what one quickly learns at the wood lathe is a tense turner is a tired turner. The best cuts are made with the tool held lightly but firmly in the securing hand while addressing the wood with the guiding, not clenching, hand. Legs are spread about shoulder width apart with the knees slightly bent and the leading leg the same as the guiding hand. This allows the back to be slightly curved but not rigid and the cuts to be guided rather than forced. Work goes ahead without undue effort and the tools do the work rather than being forced by tiring muscles.

All of this seems to be forgotten at the grinder. Yet the movements and body stance to sharpen the woodturning tools are or should be the same as those in turning the wood. With the grinder at the same height as the wood lathe and the tool rest in much the same position, movements that cut wood will now sharpen the tools. Tension on the part of the turner will, however, provided forced and jerking movements that will ruin and edge.

To sharpen free hand it is necessary to duplicate the hand and leg stances of the wood turning. The tool is allowed to ride the bevel along the grindstone and the handle raised as if for a cut. When sparks are observed coming over the edge the tool is rolled left and right as is for a cut. This results in a good edge without tension. Because of this relaxation, not only is a better edge developed, but the turner is also more likely to sharper often without facing all the nervousness of the grinder.

Sharpening jigs serve to eliminate a lot of the tension early because the possibility of error is greatly reduced. They also eliminate the need to learn new sharpening skills at the same time as new woodturning skills. Regardless, a better edge will be received from using the jig if the use is done in a relaxed manner.

Woodturning is intended to be enjoyable. Relaxing and enjoying the sharpening as well as the cutting will develop an all round pleasant experience in the woodworking shop.

Choosing Between Straight and Crooked Magick Wands

Magick wands come in all shapes and sizes and are made from a variety of materials. Ritual tools made from Pewter, Crystal and Wood are all very popular. For the purposes of this article, we will talk about the Magick wands that are handcrafted from wood. There is much debate about which type of wood wand is more effective. There are some practitioners who insist that wands must be straight. Others instantly dismiss the significance of such an argument and instead swear by the use of curved wands.

When it comes to choosing between straight or crooked magick wands the person using the tool will find a preference. You can have a perfectly straight wand which is sometimes turned on a lathe. This design is more in keeping with Harry Potter style magick wands. The thinking behind this theory is the magick is cast in an accurate way. This is because these wands are almost perfectly straight and the spell hits the intended target.

Or you can decide to go with a bent, curved or twisted wand. These wands may not have a uniform appearance yet they are highly individual pieces. Many people have no problem in choosing such a unique tool. The critics believe that crooked, bent or twisted wands do not deliver accurate results from spell casting. The supporters of crooked wands dispute this belief.

On a personal level, I have used both types of wands for over 12 years with excellent results. Like any experienced witch or warlock I have a number of wands at my disposal. I like to use certain wands for a particular kind of spell or ritual. I have never been unduly concerned with slight bends, kinks or twists in a magick wand. If the tip is straight then the magick is delivered as intended and there has never been any adverse effect.

I must admit to having a fondness for unusual shapes where my magick wands are concerned. Make no mistake I have a good number of straight wands which serve a purpose. However, the crooked and bent wands have a certain character in abundance that is seldom found in similar quantities in the conventionally shaped wand.

There is no wrong or right answer where the shape of your magick wand is concerned. And there is no rule that says you must possess only the one. It all comes down to personal preference. The best course of action is to try several and find which type works best for you. Of course, you may end up like me and many other practitioners with a sizeable collection of highly charged magick wands to call upon.

Woodworking Projects - Paint As a Finish

In designing any woodworking project, one of the first things you need to define is how you are going to finish it. The finish will help define the type of wood to be used. You would not want to use an exotic hardwood with a beautiful grain pattern, and then cover it with paint. In my mind that would down right criminal.  You also would not want to use a common pine for a project that you intend to stain.

There are several options available to you when you paint your project, oil based paints, Latex paints and Milk paints. There have been a recent addition to these choices, Low or No VOC paints. For years oil based paint was the choice of most professional painters however, Latex seems now to be the more popular choice.

Milk paints are a throw back to earlier times. The authentic colors are often seen on many antiques. Unlike oil or latex paints that come premixed, Milk paint is sold only in a powdered format. Using Milk paint is easy; simply mix the powder with water. Mix only the amount you need as powdered Milk Paint will not keep.  A new option for Milk paint is the Pre Mixed Milk paint from General Finishes. There is a top coat available for both options that protects and deepens the finish.

Low or No VOC paints, are the newest entry to the paint options, as an answer to the desires for a greener planet. VOC or Volatile Organic Compounds are part of the air pollution problem. Adding colors to some of the No VOC paints, adds VOC back into the paints, so be sure to check with the manufacturer of the paint you choose. The Low/No VOC paints and the Milk Paints are safe for use around children, and those allergic to the latex or oil paints. 

Ask any professional painter, what is the most important thing about any painting project, and the answer will be preparation. To get a good finish on your project, be sure that you completely sand and clean the project. I sand a painted project to 200 Grit, unlike a stained project, which I only sand to 180 grit; too much sanding for a stain finish will cause the stain to set on top of surface instead of penetrating into the wood.

The other thing the pro's will tell you, use quality primer paint. The old school of thought was the primer must match the final coat, oil primer for oil paint. The current thoughts are to use a good latex primer for all interior projects, and reserve the oil primer for exterior projects. The oil primer will seal the wood better then the latex primer. Latex is the preferred topcoat paint for both interior and exterior.

Let the primer dry completely and then sand it again. The residue will be chalky, so it is recommended that you use a good vacuum to clean the surface before applying a topcoat. One more thing, use a good quality brush. Save the cheap throw away brushes for applying stain. There is no reason to ruin a project with a brush that comes apart while you are painting.

Whittling - Whittling Vs Wood Carving

Whittling is the removal of pare shavings or the cutting of small bits from a piece of wood. It is the most basic form of wood carving but it is not actually the art of wood carving, as it is done today. Wood carving requires a number of tools, even power tools at that. So it could get complicated pretty fast. But this is not how it is when one whittles. All you need to whittle are two things: a piece of wood and a knife.

True whittling has always been very simple. Details in the wood aren't very refined but rather pretty coarse. When you are holding a whittled object in your hand, you know it. You can plainly see each knife stroke. Using sand paper isn't an option. This is the exact opposite of wood carving, which typically excels in details. When you're holding a wood carving of the same object, you usually won't see even one knife stroke. It's very interesting. Whittling a little girl could take a week when all you're using is a knife. Wood carving the same little girl requires more tools but it takes just a fraction of the time. She'll also have many details that couldn't be produced with just a knife.

Whittling requires no special tools, no special circumstance or any specific type of working environment. Just you, a piece of wood and your knife are all it takes. You can whittle anywhere inside or outside your home, in a car, at a picnic, in a park-nearly anywhere. This is not so with detailed wood carving.

There are quite a number of special tools that you'll likely be using when you wood carve. There are detail knives and carving knives, wood rasps and wood files, wood gouges and wood chisels. And these aren't all of them. (Ever heard of a sanding stick?) There's a very good chance that you'll probably have a handful of power tools as part of your wood carving tool kit. Then you'll also need to concern yourself with how to supply electric power. It isn't so simple.

You really do need a designated work area when you're wood carving. You usually aren't even holding the wood you're working on. Many times it'd be a vise doing that for you so you'll need a good work bench or platform. And with all those valuable tools around, you don't want anyone fiddling with them. Besides the possibility of losing them, many of them are dangerously sharp and no one should touch them but you. And what about that special creation that you've been working on for so long? You surely don't want any spectators scoping it out when you're not around. Who knows what'll happen? (Hey, where'd the nose go?)

The act of whittling is considered to be a contemplative, meditative process. It isn't so much what you're whittling but the process itself. Wood carving, on the other hand, is more of an end result process. You strive to create what you see in your mind with all the details that come with it. You've a product to produce and so you may not care to spare any time.

It comes down to a matter of taste and how you feel. If you have no care to rush, you want to take your time and see what happens, whittling is for you. If you'd like to see just how skilled you can be, how good you are at bringing out details, wood carving may be just what you're looking for. Hey, try them both. You might surprise yourself.

This Woodturning Project Information Gets You On the Right Track Toward A Rewarding Hobby

Woodturning project ideas, or the craft of making objects from different wood materials, is an inseparable part of the technological progress and the life of many people. There are some crafts that are more specific than others. Woodturning is a type of woodworking, but it uses crafting methods that are fundamentally from the classic ones. You should definitely learn about this unique craft, at it is an exciting venture.

This type of woodworking involves the spinning movement of the wood which is shaped with special tools and the use of a stationary tool called a lathe. This equipment resembles a table with legs. A number of tools which perform different functions, are applied to the wood. In this way the piece is cut, shaped, drilled, sanded or knurled. Generally, you can make any sort of object with the use of a lathe.

The early craftsmen used lathes and woodturning techniques to create objects for home use such as bowls. It is interesting to note that the first tool of this type was invented in the 14th century BC by the Ancient Egyptians. Improved versions of the lathe came into use in the Middle Ages.

During the industrial revolution the tool was motorized, which made it even more functional and easy to use. With the growing of mass production woodturning became the main manufacturing process in a lot of industries. The techniques were used for the production of part for wooden furniture from legs and stretchers to fine ornaments. Wooden pencils and pens were also made with the use of motorized lathes. Various other objects such as chess pieces and musical instruments were produced in this way as well.

In fact, these wooden objects are still manufactured with lathes. The only difference is that the tools used for mass production today are totally automated and are operated with the use of computers. The human involvement in the actual woodturning has become completely obsolete. However, this craft has turned into an intriguing hobby. You can use a motorized lathe to make all sort of functional and decorative objects by hand. You can turn your hobby into a business since the original, unique and personalized items crafted in this way are highly valued.

As a start, you have to pick a reliable woodturning lathe. These are readily available on the market. You should opt for one with woodturning tools made from the strongest steel. In this way they will work efficiently for longer. These require less frequent sharpening. This makes the work process more effective, convenient and even more cost-efficient. You are highly recommended to choose tools from high-speed steel.

There are all types of woodturning tools that you need to equip yourself with. You will need a roughing gouge for the initial rounding of the wood. A spindle gouge will allow you to create all sorts of details. You will need a bowl gouge, a bowl saver and a hollowing tool as well. The hollowing tool is used for the making of deeper cuts. You will have to use a skew chisel and a specific scraper to smooth the wood. The auger is used for the drilling of holes. You will have to use a parting tool to separate the wood piece from the lathe.

There are a number of woodturning techniques that you can use to produce a variety of beautiful objects. Spindle turning is the simplest and most common method used for the making of furniture parts, spindles and pens. The spur center digs into the wood. The other center supports the work piece. In faceplate woodturning, the object is secured with screws to a faceplate and then a tool is used for its crafting. This technique is used for the making of hollow objects such as bowls and platters.

More elaborate techniques involve eccentric and elliptical turning. The former is characterized by the turning of a wood piece a number of times with the axes of rotation being changed each time. Elliptical turning involves the alteration of the actual center of rotation of the piece. In this way the cuts become oval rather than round. Therming and segment turning are other popular techniques. The latter is used for the creation of particularly artistic pieces.

Woodturning is interesting, rewarding and fun. It requires a lot of work, but your efforts will pay off in the end. The important thing is to take all safety measures when working. Let Woodworking Project Ideas help you with this rewarding craft.

Woodworking Projects Need Wood Biscuits

Wood biscuits - you might not find them on your dinner table, but for a woodworker, they can be almost as important as the food. In a nutshell, wood biscuits are oval shaped discs that woodworkers insert using a special tool called a biscuit joiner. The biscuits are designed to take the place of old fashioned wooden pegs, and they are more durable and easier to use.

Using Wood Biscuits in Woodworking Projects

Sometimes, in woodworking, two pieces of wood are simply joined together using a coating of wood glue. This is fine and dandy, but in some cases, it is not enough. Wood glue won't work if the two pieces of wood need to bend on an angle, and the wood glue won't stand the test of time on a piece that is going to get heavy use. So while wood glue is perfect for woodworking projects that are decorative, when undertaking a functional wooded project, like the building of furniture, wood glue alone is not good enough to get the job done.

For sturdier work, you need wood biscuits. Wooden pegs were used in early woodworking to join two pieces of wood, but these could be difficult to work with. The pegs and the holes were cut at different times, meaning that they often didn't fit quite right. Further, unless you had a lot of time on your hands to cut pegs for every project, you have to buy them pre-cut, which means you had to waste valuable time trying to cut holes to match the pegs - holes that might have to be made bigger that you had envisioned them because you could only find large pegs. Last but not least, while wood pegs were stronger than plain old wood glue, they still could give up under every day wear and tear, which is a big problem for functional woodworking projects.

Wood biscuits address this problem. First of all, they make putting the two pieces of wood together much easier. The so called biscuit joiner cuts the hole in your board exactly to match the biscuit is it is going to join, so there is no more fiddling trying to get things to match up just right. All you have to do then in push the two pieces of wood together so that the biscuit joins them both and you are all set.

The additional bonus of going with biscuits is that they are significantly stronger than both glue and pegs. If you are building furniture in particular, wood biscuits are must have woodworking tools. Your woodworking projects will be easier to build and will last longer with wood biscuits.

CNC Auto Lathe - What Are They And What Do They Do?

CNC Auto Lathe

In this information I want to talk about CNC Auto Lathes. I will be taking a look at what the lathe can do in the manufacturing process, what material the lathe can be used with and some of the typical parts produced. These machines are fascinating to watch and bring higher precision over more traditional methods.

CNC auto lathes seem to be fairly quickly replacing some of the older types of lathes for instance the multi-spindle. CNC lathes are much easier to handle in terms of set up and general operation. The designing of the toolpaths are programmed in with computer aided design technology. The resulting program file is will them be loaded into the lathes software. Once that is carried out and a test piece is produced for accuracy then the lathe will just get on with job of turning out precision parts that can be any combination of drilled, bored, threaded or recessed for instance.

Swiss styled turning is getting even more precise i.e. down to a few tens of thousandths of an inch! Whilst this sort of lathe is often standalone it is also available by way of CNC controllers. The majority of CNC Swiss-style machines do use two spindles. The main spindle covers the key machining processes and the second spindle take over after that and finishes the job finally ejecting the part to the collection bin.

CNC Auto Lathe Materials

The versatility of the lathe is one of the reasons why they are widely used. It will work accurately on many solid materials. For instance, wood, some plastics, metals, aluminum, brass, copper, nylon, steel, stainless steel and titanium to name but a few! Basically as long as the material can withstand the turning process then it should be able to be used.

What Can a CNC Auto Lathe be Used For?

It might be simpler to say what it can't be used for! The lathes are used widely in auto manufacture for auto parts, motorcycle parts, couplings, ball bearings, threaded items like tank bungs. The aviation manufacturing industry is another major area where these impressive lathes are used. The CNC Lathe will produce all sorts of highly accurate precision parts all day long once programmed.

So as you can see the CNC auto lathe will produce cylindrical items in all sorts of sizes delivered to a high degree of accuracy and precision. It works at an extremely quick rate which makes production costs reasonably economical. It is hugely versatile in the sort of materials that it can handle. The variety of parts and components produces is infinite as many will not even have been invented yet!

Detailed Plan For a Successful Woodworking Project

The most important part of woodworking is planning. As in other projects, woodworking needs careful planning that will be carried out strictly to ensure the success of the project. This is also necessary to save money and time. It will also give you an idea on what to expect with your finished product. Good woodworking provides a step-by-step direction even for those beginners. This plan provides every detail of the project from start to finish.

A good plan provides you with a step-by-step instruction, illustration and diagrams on how you are going to do a certain project. An effective plan is one that makes it easy for the worker to visualize the finished product. There are lots of sources for a good woodworking plan. You can search the internet, books and magazines on carpentry, or let a professional draft one specifically for you.

People looking for a more detailed plan tend to rely on books for their quality. Books provide higher quality woodworking patterns than those you can find on the internet. In addition, books are more direct. You may also subscribe to a woodworking magazine.

Some people want their woodworks to be personalized. If you are just lifting a plan off from a commercial material, it is good to alter some details on it to customize it to your preferences. This way, you are also assured that your pattern is unique only to you.

When creating a plan, consider the type of wood you are going to use. Different types of wood have different characteristics. Some wood are harder compared to other types. Keep in mind that harder woods will be more difficult to carve. Measurements are very important also as it will affect the overall quality of your project. Always be exact and precise with your measurements. And be sure that you are able to abide by the measurements in the actual work.

Of course it is very essential to project the cost. Considering the size of the work (based on your drafted plan), estimate how much piece of wood you will be needing, plus the other materials you will need relative to your draft also. Estimate the time needed to finish the project. This gives a calculated idea of the feasibility of the project. List down the amount of work you will do for one day, and go on projecting this for a week or month perhaps. Time is also a crucial factor in computing for costs.

After deciding on the specific details, an expert woodworker can already make a more detailed project plan. This is called the (blueprint for the project). For every finished sketch, a detailed instruction must be included. For those who are just starting out in woodworking, it is advised to begin with just a simple and small project. This would give you an opportunity to hone your skills. In addition, it is more practical to do a small woodworking project since most of the beginners only have hand tools to start with.

Wood workers who started using hand tools at the beginning found it easy to use the more complicated power tools afterwards. It would be good too if beginners would only start with plans requiring only the skills they are familiar with. Remember, an unfinished project means wasted money and time.

You've got to make use of plans or pattern suited for your skill level. Don't use patterns that would give you disappointments when your finished product does not turn out as you envisioned it. Focus on the type of woodworking which interests you most. Read books and other reading materials which give you idea about the project you are interested with. If possible, attend classes to gain more knowledge. Try to assist an expert and learn from what he is doing.

Woodworking is not an easy thing to do. It requires skills and creativity to be successful in this field. It also requires patience, accuracy, and attention. Some woodworkers treat this as a hobby. To others, it is a way for them to earn a living.

Gifts For Woodturners: Things to Consider Before Buying That Present

Your spouse, relative, neighbor or friend is a woodturner, and you are thinking of getting him or her something related to that interest. Getting them a fancy chunk of wood (called a "blank") or a new tool or kit seems like an obvious choice. But before buying that present, here are a few things to consider before getting gifts for woodturners.

What do they turn?

Most turners tend to do one type of turning more than others. For example, some prefer doing spindle turning, making things like chair legs, baseball bats, boxes, or eggs. Others prefer bowls, bowls, bowls. Some do mostly hollow forms, such as vases, urns, and vessels.

Buying a pen kit for a turner who does pens might be ideal, but it wouldn't work for a bowl turner. You actually need special equipment to make pens, so unless you are sure the person has everything else they'd need, and that they'd actually turn it, it's best to skip the pen kit.

How big is their lathe?

Lathes come in several different sizes, from mini lathes, to heavy iron monstrosities. The "swing" is the measurement of the largest diameter piece of wood any particular lathe can accommodate.

A mini lathe has a swing of about 12 inches, and other larger lathes can handle 14, 16 inches, or more. If you get a wood blank for them to turn, you'll need to know what size they can handle.

What is their skill level?

Beginning turners have many failures. My goal, as a beginner, was always, "a finished piece, not a masterpiece." So spending money on tools that they wouldn't even know what to do with is foolish. So is buying wood blanks that are likely to end up as an expensive pile of shavings.

However, if you know they can do spindle turning and have turned a tool handle, for example, you can assume they have the skills to complete a similar project, such as the handle for a cheese knife or ice cream scoop. One of those kits might be a great gift.

Are they purists?

Many turners start out working with wood only. Eventually they may venture into playing around with embellishments, such as stone or metal inlays, carving, coloring, and burning.

If you know for a fact that your turner friend does these things, you might get them something related. Or present them with a book focused on the type of embellishments they enjoy.

Believe me, nothing is more exciting to a wood turner than a related gift. But make sure you consider these factors, so you give gifts for woodturners that are a good use of your hard earned money, and something they will actually be able to make use of.

Care of Wood Lathe Tools

In order to get the most out of your lathe you will need sharp, well maintained tools. Wood lathe tools take a lot of abuse, much more so that most of the other equipment in your toolbox. This is simply as a result of the amount of wood they can go through in a short amount of time. Carving a large piece of wood that is turning at high velocity is enough to dull even the best chisel.

So what can you do to keep your tools sharp? The first and one of the most important things you should be doing is cleaning your chisels after each use. This small step will go a along way towards prolonging the lifetime of your tools and keeping them sharp. Taking good care of your chisel set with regular cleaning will result having to sharpen them less often and better results from your carving.

You want to keep your tools as sharp as possible, but you don't want to sharpen them too much. Each time you sharpen your wood lathe tools you are grinding a little bit of them away, and over the lifetime of your tools this will wear them down until they are little more than wood handles with little metal stubs on them. You might not have seen this happen, but believe me it does!

That said, all the cleaning in the world won't stop your tools from dulling if you use them frequently, at some point they will need to be sharpened. The process of sharpening a chisel is a fairly precise art, and the best thing to do is have an experienced wood turner show you how to do it. Failing that I would recommend watching a video of wood lathe tools being sharpened, as there's really no substitute for seeing it done.

With all that said I will give a quick overview of the steps needed to sharpen a chisel. First off you will need a tool grinder, preferably one that runs over three thousand RPM and for your wheel you will want aluminum oxide with something like sixty grit.

You should always wet your wheel with a little bit of water before sharpening, to prevent sparks and keep your tools from catching. Depending on the specific chisel or gouge you want to sharpen you will need to use different angles of attack and pressures to achieve the desired result. Tools should be applied to the wheel, with a light pressure, taking care not to force them as this can result in nicks and scratches, and it can be very dangerous if your tool catches at 3000 RPM.

With regular cleaning and sharpening you will keep your wood lathe tools at their best and your wood turning projects will never suffer because of inferior tools. There's nothing worse than working on a project for weeks only to have a gouge with a nick in it catch your spindle and snap it in two.

CNC Wood Lathe

CNC wood lathes can come in handy for many different wood working projects. You can create one-of-a-kind projects, beautiful spindles and stair rails, among other things. There is no more hand turning or cranking. This computer operated machine does all of the work for you.

The CNC wood lathe can be a great addition to any woodworking shop or hobby shop. If you are into furniture making or remodeling homes, this can also be the perfect machine for you. You can use this machine to not only sculpt and mold the perfect spindles or stair railings; you can use it for many other things such as putting designs into other projects.

The CNC wood lathe can also be used with other materials. Aluminum and brass works great with the wood lathe. The materials can stand up to the numerous and continuous turning process and this gives you even more possibilities for creativity and design. This machine could be the one addition to your shop that induces more creativity and customers, as well as income.

The CNC wood lathes are available in various sizes, and the one that you want will depend upon the type of work that you normally do. Smaller models can be mounted onto benches and are semi-portable. Portability offers new avenues for your business.

Remember that lathes operate on a spinning process; therefore, you must always practice safety precautions when working with a lathe. The CNC wood lathe means that it is controlled through the computer and once the machine begins to start it will continue to make the number of turns that the program specifies until it is done. This could cause major safety issues if one is not careful when working around it.

Make sure you do not wear loose sleeves that could potentially get caught in the machine. Do not wear any watches or rings. These too can get caught in a machine like this. Always make sure that you wear safety goggles to help protect your eyes, even if there is no flying debris. It's just a good habit to get into. Another good idea is to wear earplugs around any type of machinery.

Other safety precaution could be simple things like making sure that the machine has completely stopped before attempting to make adjustments or changing the speed of the spindles on the machine.

When it comes to the CNC wood lathes, make sure that you always have the correct cutting tool for the material. This is a major factor in determining how precise and finished the product will turn out once the machine has finished its process. The wrong tool can lead to disastrous effects.

To learn more about the CNC wood lathe and the process that it entails, ask your dealer. They will be able to answer any other questions that you may have. They will also be able to instruct you on the type and size of the machine that you will need for the jobs that you want to do.

Starting and Growing Business With CNC Lathe Financing And Leasing

The CNC lathe is used to provide shape to various chunks of materials by making them spin inside the machine and using cutting, drilling and sanding techniques to buffer, smoothen and chip away at the material to make something totally new out of it. It is basically a machine that works like a human carver. The reason why it is fast becoming popular among many manufacturing industry units is that it can spin such materials repeatedly by following a preset computer program attached to it as long as it is not given the stop command by the operator.

The CNC lathe is a computerized version of the usual manual lathe and is more efficient, time saving and accurate than the latter. However, it is also very expensive to buy one of these equipments. Along with a lathe machine comes a lot of add-ons that enhance the functioning of the machine. Therefore, a lot of companies are taking to CNC lathe financing when it comes to buying one of these.

The machine uses parts made of carbide that follows a predesigned file aided by a CAM process. This feature makes it automatic in shaping materials continuously unless commanded to do otherwise. Therefore, the person operating this machine needs to be aware of all the functions of this machine before using it to spin.

Advantages of using a CNC lathe machine:

o The machine can be used to spin materials such as wood, brass and aluminum depending on its features.

o The CNC lathe also cuts various types of metals, drills into them and gives them specific shapes as per the programming.

o The material that is placed inside the machine comes out in a symmetrical and uniform shape. The accuracy of it is achieved by shaping the material with the help of the parameters set from before that is superimposed on to a three dimensional virtual plane. The X, Y and the Z planes follow the preset file to work on the piece of material.

The turning function of a CNC drilling machine is used to make smooth surfaces out of various materials. These machines can also give shape to plastic. The highly modified computer programming used for their functions make them costly for a one time investment by companies. This is the reason why most corporate houses choose CNC lathe financing so that they don't have to make one time heavy initial payments.

CNC lathe financing spreads the total cost of the machine over a considerable period of time which is countered by the profits made by the company by using the machine. Sometimes it is believed that the gains from using the machine are higher than the cost associated with it during the same period.

It is always a good idea to do some research by looking up various websites on the Internet that explain the functions and attached parts of the machine that can be used for a variety of tasks. It is best to buy the machine from a reliable company that has been dealing with the manufacturing of the product for quite some time.

Sharpening Wood Turning Tools - 7 Things to Keep In Mind

Woodturning is one of the most basic of crafts and the requirements are simple; a wood lathe to hold the work and make it spin, wood to shape and tools to cut the wood. This is woodworking at its most basic. In order to also make it among the most enjoyable of woodworking crafts is that most basic of wood cutting needs, sharp tools. There are a few things to keep in mind when sharpening wood turning tools.

First is the edge that is sought after. Many wood workers seek to sharpen a knife, chisel or plane blade to a razor edge for a clean cut and lovely shaving. However the wood for a typical woodworker stays still while the blade cuts. At the wood lathe the opposite occurs, wood spins and the tool is guided to the cut. The spinning wood, often with bark, knots and perhaps included grit rapidly ruins a razor edge. So the edge sought is one that works well but is not so sharp as to disappear.

Second is the equipment needed. Woodworkers often get a beautiful edge with various stones while woodturners are more at home with a good tool grinder. Most of the time the tool will be sharpened at the grinder and presented to the wood. A good wheel made of aluminum oxide with a grit of 80 to 100 will give a serviceable edge with a good surface left on the wood.

Third is the skill needed to sharpen that array of woodturning tools. Many woodworkers will need to sharpen straight edges with the possible foray into sharpening saws and wood carving gouges. Woodturners have tools with blades straight, curved, round, and fluted. Many have angles of sharpening that vary along the curved edge. While being able to sharpen freehand is a great asset, sharpening guides are wonderful assets to both the professional and the amateur.

Fourth is the frequency of sharpening. While the person who has learnt how to sharpen a knife well will find themselves infrequently going to the sharpening bench, a woodturner may find themselves at the tool grinding machine every couple of minutes. This makes a difference as to how a person sets up the shop to prevent too many footsteps between the wood lathe and the grinder.

Fifth comes the selection of tools. Principally they are made of three materials for the blades, high carbon steel, high speed steel and specialty steels. For all intents and purposes, most turners use the high speed steels. They will hold an edge longer than high carbon and are significantly cheaper than the specialties. A grinder with that aluminum oxide wheel will do a good job on them and will be adequate for each of the others, especially when using a sharpening jig.

Sixth is the consideration of what cuts are required by the tool. This may mean that some otherwise identical tools need to be sharpened with different configurations. Turning wood bowls is an excellent example. Some cuts are best performed with a bowl gouge sharpened straight across at a forty five degree angle. Others need a similar bowl gouge but shaped to have long wings and an angle varying from about seventy degrees at the tip to forty five along the edges. Again, a sharpening jig simplifies the sharpening process.

Seventh and perhaps most important is learning to relax while sharpening the various tools. If a poor edge or the wrong angle is obtained, it is a simple matter to return to the tool grinder and fix it. Tension is more likely to ruin an edge than is poor technique. Besides, woodturning is meant to be fun. Relaxing and enjoying such a large part of the process only adds to the amusement. Once again, consider making or buying a sharpening jig to add to the joy of woodturning.

Sharpening woodturning tools is a skill accessible to everyone who wishes to turn wood or work with a wood lathe. There are a few things to keep straight but as in all things with wood turning, practise may not make perfect but it goes a long way to getting great results.

Wood Lathe Chucks - A New Look at an Old Trick

When the old timers talked about chucks for the wood lathe, they meant either a Jacob's chuck, a screw chuck or a glue block chuck. Glue chucks took a long time to set but were convenient to use. New glues make the convenience even greater and the old chucks more versatile for the home turner looking for an easy and effective way to hold work on the lathe.

Glue chucks are almost always used for faceplate work. In fact they start with a faceplate. Let us assume that a bowl was being turned and no screw holes were desired in the bottom. Instead of screwing the a faceplate to the bottom of the bowl a piece of scrap wood was screwed to the faceplate. This was then turned round and faced flat. Then the bowl was glued to the scrap wood.

Because it would be hard to get the scrap wood off the bowl, a piece of paper was glued between the wood and the bowl bottom. Once the bowl was finish turned it was removed from the chuck by placing a chisel or plane blade at the paper and striking it. The paper would split leaving half on the bowl and half on the chuck. With a bit of sanding the bowl was ready to finish and the chuck was ready for the next gluing.

The only problem with the old glue chuck was the time it took for the glue to set, generally overnight. Two of today's glues speed up the process and lend a great deal of convenience, hot glue and super glue.

The same hot glue used by the crafters does a great job in mounting a dry bowl blank to a glue chuck. No paper is used. The glue is simply applied from a well heated gun to the scrap block and then immediately pressed to the bowl bottom. Withing a couple of minutes it can be mounted on the lathe and turned. Once finished it can be removed with a friction cut of a parting tool into the waste block to loosen the glue or by striking the glue line with a chisel.

Unfortunately hot glue will not work with wet wood which many wood turners like to use. Super glue or cyanoacrylate glue does a fine job. First a shot of accelerator is applied to the bowl bottom. Then a bead of super glue is applied to the waste block on the glue chuck. Both are pressed together and again withing a couple of minutes the piece is ready to mount on the wood lathe. Once finished the nature of the glue allows separation from the glue chuck with a sharp rap on a chisel held at the glue line.

Build a Simple Wood Chair

Chairs should be made of a hard wood that can support a lot of weight and withstand many years of use. Oak, pine and cherry are popular options. You will need a one inch thick piece for building the seat. Cut the seat to your desired dimension. Most kitchen chairs have a seat that measures 18x24 inches.

For the legs, you can use pre-cut spindles, or build your own. Use a 2x2 inch board and cut your front two legs exactly the same length, about 18 inches long is standard. Cut the back two legs 4 feet long. These two legs will also double as supports for the back of the chair. You can turn the legs on a lathe to round them out and create decorative variations in the wood before you start to assemble. Alternatively, you can purchase a thick hardwood dowel and use it for the legs of the chair if you wish.

Take the seat and attach the front two legs. You can chisel out a slot for each leg on the underside of the seat if you wish. Create a dowel joint to securely hold the legs in place while avoiding the need for screws and nails on the seat surface.

Now you will need to chisel out a slot for the seat on the back legs. Use a hammer and chisel or a router if you have one. Make a slot that goes about one-half inch deep into the legs and that starts at the exact length of the front two legs. Measure and visually test the height of your channel on a flat surface using a level before you cut. Test the seat to make sure it fits securely into the slot. When you assemble the seat and back legs, you may want to create another dowel joint and use wood glue to securely hold the seat in place. A nail gun is also great for nailing the seat to the back legs from behind.

The next step is to brace the legs. Run a 1x4 inch board around the outside or inside of the legs on the underside of the chair seat. Measure, cut, and attach each board connecting all legs together. It's also a good idea to place a diagonal brace piece from each support board to another, creating an octagon appearance. Metal braces are also sturdy, inexpensive options. Glue everything into place after attaching each piece with screws or a nail gun. Allow the wood glue to set before going any further.

Now you're ready to attach a brace across the top of the chair, connecting the two back legs. Work with this piece of wood for a while and test your hand at some planning skills. Plane out about one-half inch of the wood to create a comfortable place for your back to rest. You may want to do the same to several boards for a ladder back chair. If you want to use spindles for the back, simply order a quality wood dowel that matches the rest of your wood. Drill holes in the top board and chair seat, use wood glue, and assemble the chair back.

After everything is dry, your chair should be ready for years of quality use.

Starter Woodworking Projects - Wooden Birdhouse Kits

If you are looking for a great project to do with your kids at home or at school, why not make a birdhouse?! Putting together a bird house can be a great way to bond and spend time with your own kids or your students if you are a school shop teacher. While many people opt to build their birdhouses completely on their own, many people decide to use wood birdhouse kits. These kits can be a great tool for the beginner wood workers of all ages. All the pieces and instructions you need are included for an error proof build.

For the kids who are interested in making their own wood bird houses, there is even kids kits especially designed for the little wood working hands. A great thing about these birdhouse kits designed for children is that they are extremely cheap. You won't typically see these kid kits for over $35-$40.

Typical wooden birdhouse kits will include the project plans, wood for the bird house and screws or nails to secure your birdhouse together. You can opt to use glues or pastes if you prefer on your bird house as well. The plans and instructions included in your kit are really easy to follow and the wood pieces are already the exact size they need to be. If you are building a birdhouse on your own and with your own wood, you have to cut and size the wood to the exact size you need. That can turn into a lot of extra work and if you are a teacher in class you simply do not have the time to waste. This is why getting wood bird house kits is becoming such a popular and convenient activity to do.

Once you have mastered the art of making a basic birdhouse, then you can move onto more advanced and larger projects. A bird house is most commonly known to be a small housing structure, but you can make them as large and extravagant as you want. Your birdhouse could transform from a small house in the tree, to a large bird castle held up by a pole. The great thing about bird houses is that no matter how large you want the structure, you can find kits to fit the plans you have in mind.

You can get a basic birdhouse kit for $10 to $20 both offline and in local home improvement stores like Home Depot and Ace Hardware. These projects are not only educational, but they can be very fun for both kids and adults. If assembling the kit yourself is not up your alley, you can also buy a pre assembled bird house and paint it as a fun activity for you and your children. It can also be a great way to relax.

There are a ton of times and places where making a birdhouse can be a fun way to occupy the guest. Putting together a bird house can be a great way for many groups to learn team building exercises as well. Girl scouts, boy scouts, employee parties, day care activities and even training camps can be great examples of how building a birdhouse can improve communication. If you are looking for a great project or maybe even a new hobby to take up, building bird houses can fill that void. birdhouse kits can be found both locally and online for great prices to get your new hobby or project started.

Warum ist blau und weiأں so beliebt? Blue & White ist seit Hunderten von Jahren beliebt, mit seinem frischen Reiz nie aus der Mode sein.

Es ist interessant, aber wenn wir sprechen von blau und weiأں, wir fast immer von blauen und weiأںen "China" bedeutet, Keramik und Porzellan zu denken. Die Entwicklung dieser beliebten, Blau und Weiأں ist eine faszinierende Geschichte ....

Die Chinesen zuerst entwickelt Porzellan أ¼ber 650AD bei Jingdezhen in Sأ¼dchina, entwickelte es sich in (und ist), das groأںe Zentrum der Porzellanherstellung durch seine ideale Lage nahe der hervorragenden Qualitأ¤t, Natur-, Rohstoffe fأ¼r Porzellan, Kaolin erforderlich gelegen, oder Ton und Feldspat, ein kristallines Gestein.

Durch die Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts, wأ¤hrend der Ming-Dynastie, hatte Jingdezhen Imperial Schirmherrschaft und war das wichtigste Zentrum fأ¼r die Herstellung von Porzellan in der Welt. Es war in der Tat der einzige Ort, produzieren kأ¶nnte "wahr" oder, Hartporzellan.

Das "Geheimnis" von Blau und Weiأں ist Kobalt, ein natأ¼rliches Mineral Erz, dann nach Persien, dem heutigen modernen Iran beschrأ¤nkt. Persien, oder vielmehr, Kashan, in der Nأ¤he von Teheran entfernt, ein Monopol auf die wertvollen Kobalt, abgebaut in den niedrigen Hأ¼geln Kashan.

Die Perser verwendet fأ¼r die Dekoration von Weiأں-, Zinn-Kobalt und Fayencen, tatsأ¤chlich war Kashan ein wichtiges Zentrum fأ¼r die Herstellung und den Vertrieb von Keramik im gesamten Nahen Osten.

Hier werden wir von einem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert weltweit vأ¶llig unkenntlich, die uns heute mit unseren Instant alles und mit jedem Teil der Welt gesprochen, nur wenige Stunden entfernt! Zu dieser Zeit Handel zwischen den Lأ¤ndern war langsam, gefأ¤hrlich und anstrengend, ein Handelsschiff Wohnwagen, in der Regel unter einem Jahr fأ¼r die Hin-und Rأ¼ckfahrt.

Trading Karawanen aus Persien zum ersten Mal die Chinesen persischen Kobalt, schnell zu sein wissen in China als "Persian Blue", die Kobalterz zu einem feinen dunkelblauen bis schwarzen Pulvers. Chinesisch Tأ¶pfer waren aufgeregt und begeistert mit diesem neuen Produkt und Handel begann ernsthaft mit Bolzen aus reiner Seide fأ¼r kleine Datenpakete persischen Blue ausgetauscht.

Dieser Handel zwischen China und Persien zweifellos katapultiert die chinesische Dekoration von Keramik in eine neue Richtung, wobei die erste wirklich blaue und weiأںe Porzellan um 1290 n. Chr. hergestellt.

Der Begriff Chinesisch "harte Paste" Porzellan wirklich verweist auf die "harten Feuer" oder hohen Temperaturen, erfordern Brennأ¶fen in der Lage steigender Temperatur bis 1250 آ° C / 2300 آ° F, damit das Porzellan mit verglasen die harte, weiأںe, durchsichtige Ergebnis nennen wir Porzellan.

Wegen der hohen Ofen Ausfall, Kosten und Arbeitskraft benأ¶tigt wurde Porzellan in dieser Zeit so selten, dass es nur fأ¼r wichtig, Provisionen aus dem kaiserlichen Hof oder hochrangige Mitglieder der Aristokratie hergestellt.

Wأ¤hrend Porzellan in den Kinderschuhen steckte in China, wurde Zinn Fayencen werden im gesamten Nahen Osten produziert. Dies war verglast, (eine glasartige Schicht auf der Oberflأ¤che einer keramischen Kأ¶rper), mit einer Blei-Zinn-Oxid-Mix, weiأںem Grund, perfekt als Leinwand fأ¼r die Dekoration mit Kobaltblau gab.

Die Waren wurden in der Regel islamischen Stil mit geometrischen Mustern, stilisierten Palmen, arabische Schrift und Blumen bemalt. Syrien war berأ¼hmt fأ¼r seine schأ¶nen blauen und weiأںen Kacheln und der Tأ¼rkei fأ¼r seine Iznik Keramik.

Tأ¼rkisch Blau und Weiأں ist als "Frit ware" bekannt und wird angenommen, dass bei Kashan entdeckt worden, in Persien. Frit ware war eine Art von kأ¼nstlicher oder "weiche Paste" Porzellan, weiche Paste unter Bezugnahme auf eine "sanfte Feuer" oder kأ¼hleren Temperatur. Iznik Blau und Weiأں ist frei in Blautأ¶nen mit naturalistischen Themen Fruchtkأ¶rper Reben, Vأ¶geln und Tieren bemalt.

Das Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts die Nachfrage war so hoch, dass sie vollstأ¤ndig die Produktion und Dekoration der europأ¤ischen Keramik neu geordnet. Wir sollten bedenken, dass zu diesem Zeitpunkt Porzellan war nicht auأںerhalb von China und Europa eingegangen ging "Porzellan verrأ¼ckt", mit diesem aufregenden neuen Produkt aus diesem exotischen Ort namens China fasziniert!.

Der einheitliche europأ¤ische inlأ¤ndische Ware der Zeit war Steingut, das in seiner Vielfalt von Formen. Tin glasierte irdene Geschirr wurde als Delft bekannt, aus Holland, auch in Frankreich, aber bekannt als Fayence und Majolika in Italien genannt. In England, glasiert Zinn ware auch als Delft, dh, London Delft, Delft Bristol etc und feinste von allen, Irish Delft bekannt. Diese europأ¤ischen Keramik arbeitet bis wurden von vielen gemacht, sehr klein, Tأ¶pfereien in der Regel mit einer Familie, oder ein oder zwei Beschأ¤ftigten Tأ¶pfer.

In England begann Porzellanherstellung etwa 1747 mit den meisten Herstellern produziert blau und weiأں geschmأ¼ckt im chinesischen Stil. Diese auf der Tatsache, dass der Markt, wurde von nun beruhte, so konditioniert die importierten chinesischen blau und weiأں, dass die Werkstأ¤tten bald begonnen, um den Druck aus der importierten chinesischen Porzellans fأ¼hlen. Dies regte die Tأ¶pfer ihre Waren in der populأ¤ren chinesischen Stilen gegeben, dass die Hersteller hatte einfach zu produzieren, was das kaufende Publikum anerkannt zu schmأ¼cken. Heute kأ¶nnen wir bewundern diese manchmal sehr anspruchsvoll "Chinoiserie" Dekorationen.

In 1792 -1796 Regierung Zأ¶lle wurden erhأ¶ht, um das Volumen der importierten Waren zu reduzieren und diese gab groأںe Stimulation auf den lokalen Markt. Dieser Impuls fأ¼r die keramische Industrie fأ¼hrten zur Entwicklung neuer Techniken zur Steigerung der Produktion.

Die englische Keramik-Industrie wurde jetzt in Staffordshire galoppierte, wo Hunderte von Fabriken betrieben. Es ist auch an dieser Stelle gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, die wir sehen die Einfأ¼hrung der Transferdruck in Unterglasurblau auf irdenen Geschirr Keramik.

Diese neue Technik fأ¼hrte zur Massenproduktion von blauen und weiأںen Ware in allen Formen und Grأ¶أںen, noch nie zuvor gesehen. Transferdruck inklusive Druck auf Steingut und natأ¼rlich pearlware, die durch einen blأ¤ulichen Farbton der Lasur erkannt wird. Dies wurde durch die Zugabe einer kleinen Menge von Kobalt auf die Glasur, erreicht werden (die Glasur, die den Druck fallen), die ihnen die Form ein glأ¤nzendes, pearly Oberflأ¤che, daher der Name.

Die meisten der spأ¤ten 18. und frأ¼hen 19. Jahrhunderts druckt ihre frأ¼heren Chinoiserie Eigenschaften beibehalten, mit den chinesischen Blick auf den Fluss, Pagoden und chinesischen Landschaften. Diese أœbergangszeit erzeugt eine Kombination aus sehr feinen Drucke. Nicht nur wurden diese in einem rein chinesischen Weise, sondern auch in eine "Chinglish" Stil entwickelt, was zu einigen amأ¼santen Kombinationen.

Durch die 1840's blau und weiأں gedruckt Steingut war ein gut etabliertes Verfahren und die Nachfrage nach gedruckten Waren hatten die Hersteller daran, Schritt zu halten. Riesige neue Exportmأ¤rkte erأ¶ffnet, um die Industrie in Amerika, Kontinentaleuropa und Indien.

Als im 19. Jahrhundert fortgeschritten ist, beginnt die Geschichte von blau und weiأں die Richtung zu أ¤ndern. Wie bei allen Formen des kأ¼nstlerischen Ausdrucks, ob Keramik, Kunst oder Musik, die weiter von der ursprأ¼nglichen entfernt ist, desto grأ¶أںer die أ„nderungen zu werden.

Massenproduktion und der Antrieb fأ¼r den Export bestimmt die Qualitأ¤t verringert, mit der Produktion fأ¼r die schnelle Produktion und weniger Augenmerk auf die kأ¼nstlerische Qualitأ¤t ausgerichtet. Wie wir in der zweiten Hأ¤lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bewegen, sehen wir, dass der Rأ¼ckgang in der Qualitأ¤t der blauen und weiأںen Transfer gedruckt ware.

Eine Art von blau und weiأں vor allem die Aufmerksamkeit von den amerikanischen Markt. "Flow Blue" wurde um 1840 eingefأ¼hrt und auf dem amerikanischen Markt verliebte sich in seine dunkle, ziemlich verschwommene Drucke, findet mit diesem Produkt.

Eine interessante Geschichte erzأ¤hlt, wie dieser, dunkel, eher inky Blau kam. Es wird gesagt, als das Ergebnis eines Unfalls, wenn eine chemische Ausdأ¼nnung Lأ¶sung versehentlich verschأ¼ttet أ¼ber Waren schussbereit gewesen sein. Nach dem Brand waren Mitarbeiter geschockt, um das Ergebnis zu sehen, schlieأںlich als Fluss blau bekannt sein. Im spأ¤ten 19. Jahrhundert, flieأںen blau auf dem Tisch fast jeder amerikanischen Familie und heute war, bleibt ein groأںer Liebling der US-Sammler.

Das schأ¶ne gedruckte blauen und weiأںen Steinfliesen im 19. Jahrhundert produziert, ist heute ein Thema, das Sammler Kأ¶stlichkeiten auf der ganzen Welt. Von rein funktionellen Geschirr, ist blau und weiأں heute in Orten, die Ende des 18. und 19. Jahrhundert Tأ¶pfer und Transfer-Drucker hأ¤tte nie im Traum gedacht.

Nicht nur ist blau und weiأں sehr gesammelt, aber es dient heute als zentrale Anlaufstelle in vielen Innenarchitektur Regelungen und wenn Sie jemals die Gelegenheit haben, einen blauen und weiأںen Raum sehen, werden Sie wissen warum! Pieces durchdacht platziert und auf Mأ¶beln eingerichtet, ideal fأ¼r den Zeitraum, kann sich sehen lassen werden.

Die Anzeige von Blau und Weiأں ist traditionell gelten als am besten gegen einen gelben Hintergrund zu sehen. Gelb nicht nur Komplimente sowohl die Blaupausen, sondern auch das Weiأں des Steingut oder Porzellan. Diese verbinden sich zu einem schأ¶nen Display zu erzeugen. Wenn ein blau und weiأں antik Lampe hat, ist der Blick wirklich blendend!

Es gibt einen weiteren Vorteil von Blau und Weiأں angeboten. Behavioural Psychologen haben die Auswirkungen der, wie wir wahrnehmen Farbe und wie sie unsere Stimmungen und Haltungen Wirkung untersucht.

Zum Thema blau und weiأں, sind Schlussfolgerungen, dass wir diese Farbkombination als eine perfekte Balance, die als beruhigend, entspannend und ruhig ist, anerkannt und ist fأ¼r jeden Ort, an dem Sie entspannt empfohlen sehen. Was kann gesagt werden?

Einfأ¼hrung

Clarice Cliff geboren und aufgewachsen in der Grafschaft Staffordshire, England, wo die ganze Landschaft mit Werken in Keramik Herstellung beteiligt umgeben war. Sie arbeitete in einer industriellen Umgebung hier und erhielt die Gelegenheit um 1928, um Ideen ihrer eigenen fأ¼r die Industrie bereitzustellen. Viele ihrer ursprأ¼nglichen Arbeit benutzt ihr Talent fأ¼r die Herstellung von Hand bemalt gebrannten Keramik-Modell und Neuheit Tabelle items.These wurden unter dem Wilkinson Fabrik label.Her Fأ¤higkeit erlaubte ihr, einen Stab montieren und zu trainieren und organisieren sie in einer Produktionsumgebung basierte Setup in etikettierten das Werk in Newport. Hier wurde das Sortiment erweitert und katalogisiert. Weil sie gegen den Mainstream Geschmack der Zeit bewegt, indem man die Bأ¼rste Stokes betonen, dass die Keramik handbemalt wurde und dass die Formen wurden Design weg brechen, rief sie den Bereich "Bizarre". Unter diesem Namen produziert bildete die Grundlage fأ¼r ihren Ruhm in den Jahren, die followed.Her Keramik beruhte auf hellem handbemalte Keramik Tأ¶pfer, die stark von der Art Dأ©co-Epoche zeichnete.

Sammeln Clarice Cliff

Weil sie und ihr Team waren so produktiv in Reichweite und Stil sowie Volumen sie garantiert schlieأںlich einen groأںen Kollektor-Basis. Das war, weil die Leute tatsأ¤chlich erhalten kأ¶nnte ein Stأ¼ck von ihr work.This war so wichtig, dass auch heute noch Ihr kأ¶nnen Sammler Basen in den USA, England, Australien, Sأ¼dafrika, Kanada und mehr.

Punkte zum Sammeln

* Formen:

Krأ¼ge, Vasen, Kerzenhalter, Teller-, Wand-Ladegerأ¤te, Tee und Kaffee-Sets, Schalen und Glأ¤ser fallen im Art Deco geometrischen Formen hergestellt sind wأ¼nschenswert. Diese Formen sind Namen wie Lotus und Isis Glأ¤ser, Stamford, konisch, Geschnetzeltes Circle gegeben sind einige Namen Formen.

* Design:

Jedes Stأ¼ck ist von Hand bemalt mit einem mehrfarbigen Thema und jede hat einen Namen wie: Coral Tannen, Pink Dach Cottage, Orange Herbst, Melone, Sommerhaus und weitere 200 solcher Entwurf Namen bekannt sind. Darأ¼ber hinaus innerhalb der Design-Pattern gab es verschiedene Ausfأ¼hrungen, die wie Goldstone, Latona, Persisch, Fantasque, Inspiration und Bizzare benannt wurden. Fأ¼r den Sammler die Kombination der Merkmale ergibt wأ¼nschenswert wie eine spannende Form mit einem aufregenden Muster, das gut gemalt ist. Raritأ¤t zahlt einen groأںen Teil, und es gibt groأںe Aufregung أ¼ber die Entdeckung einer seltenen neu lackiert Muster.

* Neuheiten:

Als eine eigene Kategorie gibt es die Frage der novelty.Clarice Cliff produziert wenig Skulpturen und Neuheiten, die oft seltene und hoch geschأ¤tzt. Berأ¼hmt ist hier die konische Zucker Sichter, die allerdings fأ¼r die Tabelle ist wirklich ein novelty.In dieser Kategorie der Jazz Age Figuren sind wohl die bekanntesten und im November 1997, stellen Sie eine Clarice Cliff Age of Jazz Zahl ein neuer Rekord, den Verkauf zu einem bestimmt amerikanischen Sammler bei Christie's fأ¼r أ¼ber $ 20.000.

Vorsicht

Clarice Cliff Keramik ist in einem weichen Keramik Basis hergestellt und ist sehr leicht angeschlagen oder beschأ¤digt. Es ist dann oft gut und unsichtbar repariert, so gut, dass selbst die Experten nicht sagen. Wenn dies der Fall ist und das Stأ¼ck ist dann in der Regel wertvolle dies keine Rolle, weil immer Stأ¼cke sind schwieriger zu jeder Sammler Tropfen obtain.Damage der Wert, manchmal dramatisch. So bewegen Sie mit UV-Lampe und nehmen Rat von anderen Sammlern und Hأ¤ndlern. Die Auktionshأ¤user sind nicht viel nأ¼tzen allgemein. Seien Sie sich bewusst fأ¼r den Grad der أ¼ber Malerei in der Reparatur. Das ist wirklich wichtig. Wenn das Stأ¼ck hat einen groأںen Bereich أ¼ber malen Sie nicht suchen, bei Clarice Cliff wenn Sie mir folgen.

Ebenfalls relativ neu ist die Frage der Fأ¤lschungen kommen aus dem Osten. Seien Sie sich dessen bewusst, wie Sie sich am Boden bewegen.

Einige Gesundheit Hinweise:

-Spinat ist mit Eisen beladen helfen, die Regulierung Ihres Kindes Immunsystem.

-Ingwer ist gut fأ¼r Erkأ¤ltung und Grippe Prأ¤vention, etwas, das Plagen Kinder.

-Petersilie hilft wiederherstellen Verdauungs-Balance.

Sellerie-trأ¤gt wichtige Mineralien, die Balance des Blutes pH-Werte helfen und senkt Sأ¤uregehalt in den Muskeln.

-أ„pfel tragen gute Mengen an Ballaststoffen.

Lime-und Zitronen helfen Entgiftung der Leber.

Es gibt mehrere Vorteile bei der Herstellung dieser schأ¼tteln. Es spart Ihnen Zeit und liefert alle wichtigen Portionen von Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen fأ¼r Ihr Kind. Diejenigen, die er oder sie nie bekommen wأ¼rden, wenn sie Frأ¼hstأ¼ck أ¼bersprungen und auf die lokale Fastfood Joint wie McDonald's.

Das ist Ihre beste Wette ist, ihnen das Recht Push in den Morgen! Hoffe, es hilft!

Die kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Indien und China

geht auf sehr frühe Zeiten zurück. Indien ist wahrscheinlich der einzige Ort, wo die Tradition der Verwendung von Aromaten nie verloren ging. Mit über 10.000 Jahre kontinuierliche Praxis wird der ayurvedischen Medizin die älteste kontinuierliche Form der medizinischen Praxis. Die Veden, den heiligen Buch von Indien nennt über 700 verschiedene Kräuter und Duftpflanzen, wie Zimt, Narde, Koriander, Ingwer, Myrrhe und Sandelholz. Die Veden kodifiziert die Verwendung von Duftstoffen und Aromaten aus religiösen und therapeutischen Zweck. Basilikum ist vielleicht die heilige Pflanze von Indien. Es öffnet das Herz und Geist, schenkt die Energie der Liebe und Hingabe. Sacred zu Vishnu und Krishna, es stärkt den Glauben, Mitgefühl und Klarheit.

In Indien Ayurveda Kräuter umarmte und Aromaten als wichtiger Teil der Philosophie des Heilens, die mit frischen Kräutern, getrockneten Kräutern wie Tee, Kräuter oder zu einem Pulver vermischt und oft in Pillen gerollt Hand, mit Frischpflanzensäften. In früheren Zeiten wesentlich Ölförderung beteiligt Stampfen und Mahlen von frischen oder getrockneten Kräutern und anschließender Extraktion des ätherischen Öls.

Die Kunst der Wasserdampfdestillation, mit Keramik oder Keramik Stills war drei oder 4000 Jahre vor perfektioniert und ist noch heute im Einsatz. Handel und Kriege brachten viele neue Kräuter nach Indien aus Fernost, dem Nahen Osten, Ägypten und Afrika. Destillation Know-how aus Arabien erlaubt für die Herstellung von Attars, (eine duftende ätherische Öl aus den Blüten von Blumen erhalten, wie Rosen) mit Hilfe eines Co-Destillation Verfahren, bei dem ein sehr leichter flüchtige ätherische Öl Komponente wie Sandelholz, wo die schwerere Komponente der gefangen Licht blumiges Aroma. Heute ätherisches Öl Produktion weiterhin eine wichtige Industrie in vielen kleinen Dörfern, in denen Destillationsapparatur Designs nicht seit 3000 Jahren geändert haben.

Bei einer ähnlichen Zeit wurden alte chinesische Zivilisation auch mit irgendeiner Form von Aromaten. Shen Nung's Kräuter-Buch (aus dem Jahr ca. 2700 v. Chr.) enthält detaillierte Informationen über mehr als 300 Pflanzen und ihre Verwendung. Auch für die Chinesen Aromaten in religiösen Zeremonien, durch das Verbrennen von Holz und Weihrauch in Bezug auf ihre Götter zeigen - eine Tradition, die noch heute praktiziert wird. Die Verwendung von Aromaten in China war, andere alte Therapien wie Massagen und Akupressur verbunden.

Einige der beliebtesten Öle und Gewürze in China und Indien verwendet werden, umfassen Basilikum, schwarzer Pfeffer, Cayennepfeffer, Zimt, Nelken, Koriander, Kümmel, Fenchelsamen, Bockshornklee, Knoblauch, Ingwer, Safran und Kurkuma Minze. Es ist eine so reiche Geschichte der Verwendung von ätherischen Ölen aus Indien und China, die oft von modernen Aromatherapeuten übersehen wird. Um mehr zu erfahren, wie die Menschen in Indien und China haben ätherische Öle für Gesundheit und Heilung verwendet Ich lade Sie zu einer Aromatherapie-Programm, das die Geschichte der ätherischen Öle von lehrt Kulturen auf der ganzen Welt teilnehmen.

Das alte Ägypten ist ein Ort von wilder Schönheit und Faszination

auf viele Menschen heute. Sobald eine von Intrigen, Handel Brutstätte und Industrie gibt es viel über Ägypten, dunkel und geheimnisvoll auch in der modernen Welt, in der wir derzeit leben bleibt. Eines ist sicher aber waren die alten Ägypter Handwerker in ihrem eigenen Recht und eine Art von Kunst, in der sie auszeichnete war Töpferei. Die Keramik des alten Ägypten ist oft nachgeahmt heute aus vielen Gründen.

Wissenschaftler haben eine Art von Konsens Überzeugung, dass die alten Ägypter die erste Schmelz in der Keramik-eine Praxis, die große Schönheit und einen Mehrwert für die Keramik Stücke, so dass sie ein wahres Kunstwerk Einsatz gekommen sein. Das Erstaunliche ist, dass dies etwas, das eingeführt, wie wir glauben, fast 4000 Jahre alt war und ist immer noch in der heutigen modernen Gesellschaft geschätzt wird.

Um zu veranschaulichen, wie wichtig Töpferei der alten Ägypter gibt es tatsächlich Tonscherben, die in den alten Hieroglyphen enthalten sind, die dargestellten Handlungen des täglichen Lebens in dieser antiken Zivilisation war. Keramik wurde in mehr als ein paar von diesen Einblicken in die Geschichte der Festlegung ihrer Bedeutung und die Gemeinsamkeit ihrer Verwendung enthalten.

Töpferei im alten Ägypten war fast immer für den Einsatz als zur Dekoration hergestellt. Selbst die kleineren Stücke waren zu Parfums mit den größeren Stücken von Töpferwaren Besitz Getreide, Wasser, Wein, Fleisch und sogar für den späteren Gebrauch oder Verbrauch zu halten. Die Keramik des alten Ägypten könnten auch in vielen Größen gefunden werden, um Platz für die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse der Keramik gefüllt. Es war üblich, verschiedene Stücke bis hin in den Größen von Zoll groß, drei oder vier Fuß Höhe zu finden. Keramik wurde als üblich, die Ägypter von alten Geräten wie heute und es hat dazu dienen, das Leben sehr viel glatt gehen für die Menschen, die daran gewöhnt.

Im alten Ägypten Töpferei war auch für einige der heiligen Riten der Bestattung verwendet. Auch Keramik wurden verwendet, um bestimmte Organe halten nachdem sie aus dem Körper während der Einbalsamierung entnommen, um den Körper für das Begräbnis vorzubereiten. Jede der folgenden: Herz und Lunge, Leber, Dünndarm und Magen wurden in vier getrennten Behältern aus Keramik und zusammen mit dem Leichnam begraben platziert. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass die Ägypter nicht die einzige Zivilisation, die Töpferei in Bezug auf die Toten zu verwenden. Die alten Griechen auch die Asche ihrer Toten in keramischen Behältern gelagert.

Informationen أ¼ber Keramik

Tأ¶pfereien auch Keramik, Steingut, Steinzeug und Porzellan, die alle in Tأ¶pfereien hergestellt werden.

Keramik ist aus Ton, meist mit der Hand geformt hat, wأ¤hrend sie noch weich und nass, und dann in einem Ofen bei hohen Temperaturen auf seine Materialqualitأ¤t أ¤ndern erhitzt, so dass es schwer ist. Der Ton selbst ist von Region zu Region, Keramik mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften herzustellen. Darأ¼ber hinaus kann der Ton sich mit verschiedenen Mineralien auf unterschiedliche Effekte zu erzeugen gemischt werden.

Geschichte der Tأ¶pferei

Die frأ¼hesten bekannten Keramik hergestellt wurde 25 bis 29.000 Jahre vor Christus im heutigen modernen Tschechischen Republik (wo ich geboren wurde), einer Figur einer nackten Frau namens Venus von Dolni Vestonice. Die frأ¼hesten bekannten Tongefأ¤أںe wurden in Japan in 10.500 BC gemacht. Keramik wurde unabhأ¤ngig in Nordafrika um 10.000 v. Chr., und in Sأ¼damerika entdeckt rund um das siebte Jahrtausend vor Christus.

Einige Zeit zwischen 4.000 und 6.500 v. Chr. die Erfindung des Tأ¶pferscheibe in Mesopotamien, was ist jetzt heutigen Irak und der Ausgangspunkt der Zivilisation, die Industrie revolutioniert und half ernأ¤hren den wachsenden Anforderungen der weltweit ersten Stأ¤dte.

In den frأ¼hen Tagen war die Tأ¶pferei in Lagerfeuer, oder Lأ¶cher in den Boden mit Brennstoff bedeckt erhitzt und erreicht Temperaturen von rund 900 Grad Celsius.

Seit Designs verwendet werden, um Keramik zu schmأ¼cken, und weil Keramik erfunden wurde und beweist, sehr nأ¼tzlich fأ¼r die Aufbewahrung von Lebensmitteln, Flأ¼ssigkeiten und anderen wichtigen Rohstoffen, hat sich fأ¼r Archأ¤ologen nأ¼tzlich bei der Kartierung aus alten Kulturen mit ihren wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Strukturen. Zumal Keramik neigt dazu, viel lأ¤nger als andere Objekte, wie Holz und Textilien Tools dauern. Die Thermolumineszenz Test dann genau identifiziert das genaue Datum der Keramik nach seinen letzten Brand. Die Untersuchung der Eisen Materialien im alten Tonscherben hat sogar die Wissenschaftler den genauen Zustand des Erdmagnetfeldes zum Zeitpunkt der Zأ¼ndung enthأ¼llt!

Auf einer eher lokalen Ebene wurde in der Zeit der ersten industriellen Revolution, statt in das Vereinigte Kأ¶nigreich, die Stadt Stoke on Trent als die Tأ¶pferei, wo im Jahr 1785 seine 200 Keramik-Hersteller einige zwanzigtausend Arbeiter beschأ¤ftigt bekannt.

Wie man Tأ¶pfereien

Wenn der Ton einer bestimmten Trockenheit von rund 75 bis 85% hat, wird es "Leder hart", wenn es lأ¤sst sich leichter in Form geformt und auf die anderen Stأ¼cke kأ¶nnen hinzugefأ¼gt werden. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte von diesem Handel viele Werkzeuge wurden erfunden, um in der Formgebung Beihilfen, die wichtigste davon ist der Tأ¶pferscheibe, wo die Spinnen Masse der Ton in der Mitte des Rades in eine Vase oder أ¤hnliche Behأ¤lter gebildet werden kأ¶nnen, mit einer konsequenten Umfang. Wأ¤hrend einige lieber die Konsistenz und die Geschwindigkeit der Tأ¶pferscheibe, streiten fأ¼r die Spontaneitأ¤t der Form ausgebildet, wأ¤hrend das Rad dreht, andere bevorzugen Formen in der Weise zu bilden, bevor das Rad erfunden wurde: vom Boden bis in eine stehende und stagnierende Position und argumentiert, dass Diese Methode produziert mehr individuell einzigartige Keramik unterliegen einer robusteren Phantasie.

Bei Verwendung der Rad, erfordert es ein gewisses Maأں an Geschicklichkeit, um erste Zentrum der Ton, dann, um es durch die Schaffung eines hohlen Bad in der Mitte أ¶ffnen, dann auf einen Stock mit einem abgerundeten Boden im Inneren zu schaffen, dann, um den Ton, indem sie werfen nach oben an Wأ¤nden gleichmأ¤أںig dick Form, und schlieأںlich zu schneiden und ihn durch die Beseitigung von أ¼berschأ¼ssigen Ton und Raffination seine Form in seine endgأ¼ltige Form.

Obwohl das Rad beschleunigen kann Arbeit und Hilfe bei der Schaffung von mehr konsequent أ¤hnliche Formen, die allgemeinen Formen selbst sind beschrأ¤nkt auf diejenigen mit radialer Symmetrie und eine vertikale Achse. Aber Griffe, Deckel und andere Extremitأ¤ten kأ¶nnen am Ende hinzugefأ¼gt werden, oder die hergestellte Form kann sich durch Ausbeulen und andere Methoden verfأ¤lscht werden, um eine grأ¶أںere Eindeutigkeit zu schaffen.

Im Laufe der Zeit haben Maschinen erfunden worden zu ersetzen oder Beihilfe der Hand des Tأ¶pfers, der Beschleunigung der Produktion weiter, aber gleichzeitig eine Vereinfachung der jede Individualitأ¤t oder Entfernen einzigartige Merkmale.

Sobald die endgأ¼ltige Form abgeschlossen ist, kann die Keramik durch Anstechen Muster auf seiner Oberflأ¤che, Einbettung darauf Fremdkأ¶rper (z. B. mit Muscheln in meinem Artikel 12 oder 18 أ¼ber den Link ganz unten), und schlieأںlich Verglasung und Farbgebung in dekoriert werden beliebige Anzahl von Mأ¶glichkeiten.

Vor Verglasung, Zusatzstoffe wie Sand kann in den Ton gemischt werden, wodurch insbesondere Texturen einmal die Tأ¶pferei ist beheizt und verglast. Brennbare Teilchen kأ¶nnen sogar gemischt werden oder auf die Oberflأ¤che gedrأ¼ckt, um verschiedene Effekte beim Erhitzen zu produzieren.

Das Mischen verschiedener Tone von verschiedenen Farben kأ¶nnen auch interessante Ergebnisse, die so genannte "agateware", nach dem Quarz Mineral Achat, welche Bands oder Schichten unterschiedlicher Farbe miteinander vermischt hat. In diesem Prozess ist der Tأ¶pfer achten, dass die verschiedenen Tonen أ¼berrأ¼hren so dass die einzelnen Farben zu unterscheiden sind, und die Wahl von Tonen ist auch wichtig, denn sie mأ¼ssen أ¤hnliche thermische Eigenschaften Bewegung wأ¤hrend der Aufheizphase im Ofen haben.

Vor im Ofen Heizung, die Keramik kann auch fein poliert, die so genannte Polieren.

Die nأ¤chste Stufe, noch vor dem Erhitzen, kann Engobieren, was auf eine Schicht أ¼ber Spitze der Tأ¶pferei hinzuzufأ¼gen, oft durch Eintauchen der gesamten Form in ein Bad, oder durch die Malerei auf die Keramik-Oberflأ¤che - ein Verfahren, da bereits verwendet- historischen Zeiten. Diese أ¤uأںere Tonschlicker ist oft hoch in Kieselsأ¤ure und kأ¶nnen mit Gravuren eingeschnitten werden, um durch die neue Oberflأ¤che durchdringen und enthأ¼llt Farben der Ton unter. Eine zweite Tonschlicker unterschiedlicher Farbe kأ¶nnen weitere hinzugefأ¼gt werden, und spأ¤ter eingeschnitten, um Muster in verschiedenen Farben zu erzeugen, أ¤hnlich wie die Verfahren verwendet bei der Ostereier.

Eine weitere Methode zur Anwendung von Design auf die Oberflأ¤che ist أ¤hnlich wie Lithographie, wobei ein Bild oder eine Farbe auf einem dekorativen Design-Schicht auf der Oberflأ¤che mit einem Trأ¤gerpapier, auf die Oberflأ¤che أ¤hnlich wie Siebdruck gedruckt angewendet wird. Sobald das Design أ¼bertragen wurde, ist eine Schutzschicht aufgebracht, die aus einer niedrig schmelzenden Glas gehأ¶ren.

Danach kann Gold aufgebracht oder gemalt auf verschiedene Weise fأ¼r extra fancy Tأ¶pferei.

Und schlieأںlich haben wir die Verglasung Bأ¼hne, die Mأ¤ntel der Keramik mit einer schأ¼tzenden, bunten und dekorativen Oberflأ¤che. Seine Farbe und das Aussehen أ¤ndert sich hأ¤ufig wأ¤hrend der Erwأ¤rmung und der versiegelten Ergebnis schأ¼tzt die inneren Ton vor zerstأ¶rerischen Feuchtigkeit oder Wasser. Verschiedene Mineralien und Anwendungstechniken lassen sich verschiedene Effekte erzeugen, so dass die Tأ¶pferei ihren letzten Schliff und Persأ¶nlichkeit.

Sobald der Lehm Form hergestellt worden ist, wird das Objekt dann an Feuerung, die den Prozess der Erwأ¤rmung des Schiffes bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen zu hأ¤rten, wonach es Tأ¶pferwaren aufgerufen werden kann ausgesetzt ist. Unterschiedliche Materialien erfordern unterschiedliche Temperaturen, aber alle Feuer ist in der Regel bei oder oberhalb von 1000 Grad Celsius. Es kأ¶nnen mehrere Stufen der Zأ¼ndung, die miteinander verschmelzen verschiedene Mineralien, wأ¤hrend die Regulierung Luftzufuhr in den Brennofen verschiedenen Graden der Oxydation der Ton und Glasur أ¤uأںeren produzieren kann.